Module 16: Light Rays
Introduction
Light is something we can all see, but what is it really? It is not at all obvious that light is an electromagnetic wave and there is much that we can learn about it without knowing this fact. However, knowing that it is a wave (and, in fact a transverse wave) makes it easier to explain many of its interesting properties.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this module, students will be able to:
- Define what a light ray is.
- Draw ray diagrams.
- Describe why light bends as it goes from one medium to another.
- Calculate to find the light's resultant path.
- Define dispersion.
- Explain how white light can be split up into components by dispersion.
- Explain the principles of lenses.
- Use ray diagrams to find images.
- Explain the proof that light is a wave.
- Describe the physics of light mixing.
To Do List
1. Watch the Video Lectures (links below)
2. Complete the Practice Problems (links below)
3. Take the Module 16 Quiz
4. Complete the Exam Practice Problems for Module 16
5. Complete the Practice Exams 3
Video Lectures and Practice Problems
Lesson 16.1 Ray Optics and Mirrors
We use the fact that light travels in straight lines to understand a pinhole camera and basic mirror phenomena.
- Video: Origin of Light Links to an external site.
- Video: The Pinhole Camera and Ray Optics Links to an external site.
- Video: Images from Light Reflecting Off Mirrors Links to an external site.
- Practice Problems Download Practice Problems
- Written Solutions Download Written Solutions
- Video Solutions:
- Test Your Understanding!
Lesson 16.2 Refraction
Here we cover everything to do with refraction - the bending of light as it moves from one medium to another. This is done quantitavely (Snell's Law), and the critical angle for internal reflection is found. In addition we learn other effects of light in the atmosphere, including mirages (caused by refraction), and rainbows (caused by dispersion).
- Video: Introduction to Refraction Links to an external site.
- Video: Snell's Law Links to an external site.
- Video: Total Internal Reflection Links to an external site.
- Demonstration: Water Tank Links to an external site.
- Demonstration: Fiber Optics Links to an external site.
- Demonstration: Light Scattering Links to an external site.
- Video: Visual Illusions from Refraction Links to an external site.
- Video: Mirages Links to an external site.
- Video: Light Dispersion and Rainbows Links to an external site.
- Examples: Angle of Refraction in Glass Links to an external site.
- Critical Angle for Total Internal Reflection Links to an external site.
- Practice Problems Download Practice Problems
- Written Solutions Download Written Solutions
- Video Solutions:
- Test Your Understanding!
Lesson 16.3 Lenses
Lenses are a long topic in many physics courses, but here we stress the fundamentals, why lenses focus the light and how the lens in our eye is vital.
- Video: The Convex Lens Links to an external site.
- Video: Ray Diagrams Links to an external site.
- Video: The Concave Lens Links to an external site.
- Demonstration: Diverging Lens Links to an external site.
- Example: The Human Eye Links to an external site.
- Practice Problems Download Practice Problems
- Written Solutions Download Written Solutions
- Video Solutions:
- Test Your Understanding!
Lesson 16.4 Light Wave Interference
Light travels as a wave, and the proof that light is a wave is interference. We look at how to observe interference from two light waves.
- Video: Double-Slit Interference and Single Slit Diffraction Links to an external site.
- Practice Problems Download Practice Problems
- Written Solutions Download Written Solutions
- Video Solutions:
- Test Your Understanding!
Lesson 16.5 Polarization
Polarization is direct proof that a light wave is transverse. Here we look at several examples, one of which has a particularly surprising result.
- Video: Introduction to Polarization Links to an external site.
- Practice Problems Download Practice Problems
- Test Your Understanding!
Lesson 16.6 Light Mixing
We all know about mixing of color paints, but that is not mixing of differently colored light. Here we look at how light from different parts of the spectrum can be added to make white light, and discuss what is means for an object to have color.
- Video: Color Mixing Links to an external site.
- Video: Subtractive Mixing Links to an external site.
- Test Your Understanding!
Quiz
Once you have watched the lectures and completed the practice problems, you should demonstrate your understanding by taking the Module 16 Quiz. Be sure to submit the quiz before its deadline.
End-of-Course Survey
We ask you to take this End-of-Course Survey. Your feedback will help us evaluate the course and make it better for the future.
Coming Up
Exam 3 is coming up next! The exam will cover Modules 1 though 16, mainly focusing on Modules 11-16. To prepare, you should complete the Exam 3 Review.