Coordinating Conjunctions in Position 1
The second group of coordinating conjunctions all take Position 1 in the second of the two independent clauses. That is to say, they come right before the verb and take over the standard position of the subject. That means if you use these conjunctions you have to invert the subject, placing it in Position 3!
These conjunctions express more complicated relationships between sentences than those in position 0. We will categorize the kinds of relationships with a set of notions some of which will be familiar, others not: temporal (of time), causal, consecutive (logical result), and concessive (contradiction).
Temporal (then; meanwhile) |
Causal (therefore, and so) |
Consecutive (thus, consequently) |
Concessive (nevertheless, if not, however) |
dann | darum | also | trotzdem |
danach | deswegen | folglich | dennoch |
da | deshalb | infolgedessen | allerdings |
inzwischen | daher | sonst |
- Temporal conjunctions express a time relationship between two statements.
dann (then),
Examples:
danach (after that),
da (then, used if something unexpected happens),
inzwischen (in the mean time)Wir richten erst die Wohnung ein, dann gehen wir essen.
Wir sind in der Küche gesessen, da ist (plötzlich) das Licht ausgegangen.
Ich ziehe mich an, inzwischen wäschst du das Geschirr ab. - Causal conjunctions that express a causal relationship.
deshalb (that's why, therefore),
Examples:
darum (that's why),
deswegen (that's why, therefore),
daher (that's why, and so, as a result)Er isst viel, darum ist er so dick.
Ich war krank, deswegen konnte ich mein Referat nicht schreiben. - Consecutive conjunctions express a consequence or a logical succession. also (so, thus)
folglich (consequently, so)
Examples:
infolgedessen (as a result of this, consequently)Er war nicht zuhause, also sind wir nach Hause gegangen.
Viele Bürger der DDR haben in den 50er Jahren ihr Land verlassen, infolgedessen hat die DDR-Regierung die Mauer gebaut. - Concessive conjunctions that express a contradiction between two statements or, at least, restrict the validity of one statement.
trotzdem (even so, but still, nevertheless)
Examples:
dennoch (even so)
allerdings (though, however)
sonst (or else, if not)Es hat oft geregnet, trotzdem sind wir regelmäßig schwimmen gegangen.
Sie spricht gut Englisch, allerdings hat sie einen starken Akzent.
Ich habe selten Glück, dennoch gehe ich oft in ein Kasino.
We saw that in order to emphasize the contrast involved, aber sometimes moves into the second sentence without disturbing the word order. Most of these conjunctions on this page can also move into Position 3 in the second sentence. In this case, the subject moves back to its rightful Position 1.
Don't worry about using these conjunctions in Position 3, but be aware that they can be used there.
Here are s few examples of the word order choices for some of these conjunctions. Notice how the subject moves around, depending on whether the conjunction or another word takes the first position.
Pos. 1 | Pos. 2 | Pos. 3 | ||
Sie arbeitet viel, | deshalb | hat | sie | gute Noten |
Sie arbeitet viel, | sie | hat | deshalb | gute Noten |
Er besucht seine Mutter in Berlin, | dann | fliegt | er | nach Florida. |
Er besucht heute seine Mutter in Berlin, | morgen | fliegt | er | dann nach Florida. |
Trink den Kaffee, | sonst | trinke | ich | ihn. |
Trink den Kaffee, | ich | trinke | ihn | sonst. |